A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease

29 May 2002Miguel A. Hernán MD, DrPH, Bahi Takkouche MD, PhD, Francisco Caamaño-Isorna PharmD, Juan J. Gestal-Otero MD, PhD

This meta-analysis shows that there is strong epidemiological evidence that smokers and coffee drinkers have a lower risk of Parkinson's disease.

Meta Analysis

2 effects

33 years

18605 subjects

Determinants	Outcome	Details
Protective Factor Smoking Contaminant	Decreased risk of Parkinson's Disease Brain system	High evidence -41.0%
Protective Factor Coffee (Caffeine) Beverage	Decreased risk of Parkinson's Disease Brain system	High evidence -31.0%