Causes of Coronary Heart Disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease) : Reducing Your Risk

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.

Cardiovascular

41 causes

Protective Factors	Studies
Protective Factor Moderate Exercise Selfcare	1 study The benefits of physical activity for health and well-being -100% with High evidence
Protective Factor Nuts & Peanuts Nutrition	3 studies Higher nut intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular... Study in 2016 -29% with High evidence in 10 years 819,448 subjects Higher nut intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular... Study in 2016 -29% with High evidence in 10 years 819,448 subjects Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart... Study in 2014 -22% with High evidence in 10 years 501,791 subjects
Protective Factor Social Support Selfcare	1 study Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart ... Study in 2016 -29% with High evidence in 10 years 35,925 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Red Yeast Rice Nutrition	1 study Effect of Xuezhikang, an Extract From Red Yeast Chinese Rice, on Co... Study in 2008 -82% with Moderate evidence in 4 years 5,000 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Fresh Chili Peppers (C... Herb	1 study Consumption of spicy foods and total and cause specific mortality: ... Study in 2015 -25% with High evidence in 4 years 487,375 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Peanuts Nutrition	1 study Higher nut intake is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular... Study in 2016 -24% with High evidence in 10 years 819,448 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Sauna Selfcare	1 study Association between sauna bathing and fatal cardiovascular and all-... Study in 2015 -63% with Moderate evidence in 20.7 years 2,315 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Green Tea Beverage	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with High evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Legumes (beans, peas, ... Nutrition	1 study Consumption of nuts and legumes and risk of incident ischemic heart... Study in 2014 -14% with High evidence in 10 years 501,791 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Unsaturated fat Nutrition	2 studies Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of a... Study in 2015 -17% with Moderate evidence Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary hea... Study in 2016 -11% with High evidence in 24 years 115,782 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Whole grains Nutrition	2 studies Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer,... Study in 2016 -19% with High evidence in 10 years 705,253 subjects Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary hea... Study in 2016 -6% with High evidence in 24 years 115,782 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Fish & SeaFood rich in... Nutrition	1 study ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biomarkers and Coronary Heart Diseas... Study in 2016 -10% with High evidence in 10 years 19 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Vegetables Nutrition	2 studies The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Low evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary hea... Study in 2016 -7% with High evidence in 24 years 115,782 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Humour Selfcare	1 study Laughter is the Best Medicine? A Cross-Sectional Study of Cardiovas... Study in 2016 -21% with Moderate evidence 20 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Purple Sweet Potato Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Red Onions Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Apples Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Tomato Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Red Wine Beverage	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Cacao Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Broccoli Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Moderate evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects
Minor Protective Factor Berries Nutrition	1 study The relation between dietary flavonol intake and coronary heart dis... Study in 2002 -20% with Low evidence in 10 years 2,087 subjects

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Risk Factors	Studies
Strong Risk Factor Smoking Contaminant	2 studies Relative and Absolute Excess Risks of Coronary Heart Disease among ... Study in 1987 +450% with High evidence in 6 years 119,404 subjects Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of ... Study in 2013 +115% with High evidence in 7 years 102 subjects
Strong Risk Factor Type 2 Diabetes Lymphatic system	2 studies Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabete... Study in 2016 +206% with High evidence 447,064 subjects Mortality Associated with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Ol... Study in 2012 +176% with Moderate evidence in 11 years 8 months 9,218 subjects
Strong Risk Factor Learning Disability Brain system	1 study Health characteristics and consultation patterns of people with int... Study in 2016 +170% with High evidence 100,972 subjects
Strong Risk Factor Herpes Zoster Intergumentary system	1 study Acute Cardiovascular Events after Herpes Zoster: A Self-Controlled ... Study in 2015 +137% with High evidence in 1 week 67,191 subjects
Strong Risk Factor Oxidative stress Lymphatic system	1 study Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective stud... Study in 2000 +113% with High evidence in 9 years 6 months 1,531 subjects
Risk Factor Lead Exposure Contaminant	1 study Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and consequ... Study in 2014 +737% with Low evidence 60,000 subjects
Risk Factor Metabolic Syndrome Lymphatic system	3 studies Race and Ethnicity, Obesity, Metabolic Health, and Risk of Cardiova... Study in 2015 +117% with Moderate evidence in 13 years 14 subjects Race and Ethnicity, Obesity, Metabolic Health, and Risk of Cardiova... Study in 2015 +77% with Moderate evidence in 13 years 14 subjects Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis Study in 2006 +52% with High evidence in 5 years
Risk Factor Anxiety Brain system	2 studies Health anxiety and risk of ischaemic heart disease: a prospective c... Study in 2016 +112% with Moderate evidence in 12 years 7,052 subjects Phobic Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Sudden Cardia... Study in 2005 +31% with High evidence in 12 years 72,359 subjects
Risk Factor Obesity Musculoskeletal system	3 studies The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: ... Study in 2008 +72% with High evidence in 10 years Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of ... Study in 2013 +66% with High evidence in 7 years 102 subjects Genetic Association of Waist-to-Hip Ratio With Cardiometabolic Trai... Study in 2017 +46% with Low evidence 111 subjects
Risk Factor Chronic kidney disease Urinary system	1 study Absolute Rates of Heart Failure, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke... Study in 2016 +65% with High evidence in 12 years 14,462 subjects
Risk Factor Marital stress Selfcare	1 study Marital Stress Worsens Prognosis in Women With Coronary Heart Disea... Study in 2000 +190% with Moderate evidence 292 subjects
Risk Factor Sedentary Lifestyle Selfcare	1 study Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of ... Study in 2013 +56% with High evidence in 7 years 102 subjects
Risk Factor Poor sleep Musculoskeletal system	1 study Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic revie... Study in 2011 +48% with High evidence in 10 years 474,684 subjects
Risk Factor Processed Meat Nutrition	1 study Red and processed meat consumption and risk of incident coronary he... Study in 2010 +46% with High evidence in 10 years 20 subjects
Risk Factor Long Duration of Sleep Musculoskeletal system	1 study Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic revie... Study in 2011 +38% with High evidence in 10 years 474,684 subjects
Risk Factor Cadmium Contaminant	1 study Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and consequ... Study in 2014 +36% with High evidence 60,000 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Stress Brain system	1 study Association of Anxiety and Depression With All-Cause Mortality in I... Study in 2013 +83% with Moderate evidence in 3 years 934 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Cow milk (A1 β-casein) Beverage	1 study Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 beta-casein Study in 2003 +76% with Moderate evidence in 20 years
Minor Risk Factor Job Stress Brain system	2 studies Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of ... Study in 2013 +25% with High evidence in 7 years 102 subjects Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collabora... Study in 2002 +23% with High evidence in 3 years 197 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Arsenic Contaminant	1 study Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: Mechanisms and consequ... Study in 2014 +71% with Moderate evidence 60,000 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Depression Brain system	1 study Association of Anxiety and Depression With All-Cause Mortality in I... Study in 2013 +66% with Moderate evidence in 3 years 934 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Early Menarche Reproductive system	1 study Age at Menarche and Risks of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Death: A ... Study in 2014 +22% with High evidence in 2 years
Minor Risk Factor Alcohol Beverage	1 study Associations of job strain and lifestyle risk factors with risk of ... Study in 2013 +22% with High evidence in 7 years 102 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Saturated Fat Nutrition	1 study Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary hea... Study in 2016 +18% with High evidence in 24 yrs 115,782 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Processed Foods Nutrition	1 study Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of a... Study in 2015 +18% with High evidence
Minor Risk Factor Refined grains Nutrition	1 study Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer,... Study in 2016 +16% with High evidence in 10 years 705,253 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Visceral fat Digestive system	1 study Genetic Association of Waist-to-Hip Ratio With Cardiometabolic Trai... Study in 2017 +46% with Moderate evidence 111 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Heart Rate Cardiovascular system	1 study Resting Heart Rate and Long-term Outcomes Among the African America... Study in 2016 +10% with Moderate evidence 5,261 subjects

Outcomes	References
Risk Factor Anxiety Brain system	1 study Chronology of Onset of Mental Disorders and Physical Diseases in Me... Study in 2016 +89% with Moderate evidence 6,483 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Mortality Musculoskeletal system	2 studies Mortality Associated with Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in Ol... Study in 2012 +192% with Moderate evidence in 11 years 8 months 9,218 subjects Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age:... Study in 2012 +15% with High evidence in 1 year 7,249,000 subjects
Minor Risk Factor Mental Disorder Brain system	1 study Chronology of Onset of Mental Disorders and Physical Diseases in Me... Study in 2016 +39% with Moderate evidence 6,483 subjects

Cardiovascular disease generally refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pa...

51 causes found in 50 health studies

Atrial fibrillation (AF or A-fib) is an abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating. Often it starts as brief periods o...

5 causes found in 4 health studies

Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain bloo...

4 causes found in 6 health studies

Heart Attack (Myocardial infarction - ACS) Cardiovascular

Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow stops to a part of t...

50 causes found in 34 health studies

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of the five major groups of lipoprotein. These groups, from least dense (largest particles) to most dense...

23 causes found in 23 health studies

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) Cardiovascular

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are extra, abnormal heartbeats that begin in one of your heart's two lower pumping chambers (ventric...

1 cause found in 1 health study

Stroke is when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, an...

65 causes found in 42 health studies

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood ...

5 causes found in 5 health studies

There are 22 factors preventing Coronary Heart Disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease), including:

Protective Factor Moderate ExerciseSelfcare

Protective Factor Nuts & PeanutsNutrition

Protective Factor Social SupportSelfcare

Minor Protective Factor Red Yeast RiceNutrition

Minor Protective Factor Fresh Chili Peppers (C...Herb

Minor Protective Factor PeanutsNutrition

Minor Protective Factor SaunaSelfcare

Minor Protective Factor Green TeaBeverage

Minor Protective Factor Legumes (beans, peas, ...Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Unsaturated fatNutrition

Minor Protective Factor Whole grainsNutrition

Minor Protective Factor Fish & SeaFood rich in...Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor VegetablesNutrition

Minor Protective Factor HumourSelfcare

Minor Protective Factor Purple Sweet PotatoNutrition

Minor Protective Factor Red OnionsNutrition

Minor Protective Factor ApplesNutrition

Minor Protective Factor TomatoNutrition

Minor Protective Factor Red WineBeverage

Minor Protective Factor CacaoNutrition

Minor Protective Factor BroccoliNutrition

Minor Protective Factor BerriesNutrition

There are 28 factors increasing Coronary Heart Disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease), including:

Strong Risk Factor SmokingContaminant

Strong Risk Factor Type 2 DiabetesLymphatic system

Strong Risk Factor Learning DisabilityBrain system

Strong Risk Factor Herpes ZosterIntergumentary system

Strong Risk Factor Oxidative stressLymphatic system

Risk Factor Lead ExposureContaminant

Risk Factor Metabolic SyndromeLymphatic system

Risk Factor AnxietyBrain system

Risk Factor ObesityMusculoskeletal system

Risk Factor Chronic kidney disease Urinary system

Risk Factor Marital stressSelfcare

Risk Factor Sedentary LifestyleSelfcare

Risk Factor Poor sleepMusculoskeletal system

Risk Factor Processed MeatNutrition

Risk Factor Long Duration of SleepMusculoskeletal system

Risk Factor CadmiumContaminant

Minor Risk Factor StressBrain system

Minor Risk Factor Cow milk (A1 β-casein)Beverage

Minor Risk Factor Job StressBrain system

Minor Risk Factor ArsenicContaminant

Minor Risk Factor DepressionBrain system

Minor Risk Factor Early MenarcheReproductive system

Minor Risk Factor AlcoholBeverage

Minor Risk Factor Saturated FatNutrition

Minor Risk Factor Processed FoodsNutrition

Minor Risk Factor Refined grainsNutrition

Minor Risk Factor Visceral fatDigestive system

Minor Risk Factor Heart RateCardiovascular system

Possible outcomes of Coronary Heart Disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease)

Risk Factor AnxietyBrain system

Minor Risk Factor MortalityMusculoskeletal system

Minor Risk Factor Mental DisorderBrain system

Related to Coronary Heart Disease (Ischaemic Heart Disease)

Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular

Atrial FibrillationCardiovascular

Congestive Heart FailureCardiovascular

Heart Attack (Myocardial ...Cardiovascular

LDLLymphatic

Premature ventricular con...Cardiovascular

StrokeBrain

ThrombosisCardiovascular

Protective Factor Moderate Exercise
Selfcare

Protective Factor Nuts & Peanuts
Nutrition

Protective Factor Social Support
Selfcare

Minor Protective Factor Red Yeast Rice
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Fresh Chili Peppers (C...
Herb

Minor Protective Factor Peanuts
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Sauna
Selfcare

Minor Protective Factor Green Tea
Beverage

Minor Protective Factor Legumes (beans, peas, ...
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Unsaturated fat
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Whole grains
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Fish & SeaFood rich in...
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Vegetables
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Humour
Selfcare

Minor Protective Factor Purple Sweet Potato
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Red Onions
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Apples
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Tomato
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Red Wine
Beverage

Minor Protective Factor Cacao
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Broccoli
Nutrition

Minor Protective Factor Berries
Nutrition

Strong Risk Factor Smoking
Contaminant

Strong Risk Factor Type 2 Diabetes
Lymphatic system

Strong Risk Factor Learning Disability
Brain system

Strong Risk Factor Herpes Zoster
Intergumentary system

Strong Risk Factor Oxidative stress
Lymphatic system

Risk Factor Lead Exposure
Contaminant

Risk Factor Metabolic Syndrome
Lymphatic system

Risk Factor Anxiety
Brain system

Risk Factor Obesity
Musculoskeletal system

Risk Factor Chronic kidney disease
Urinary system

Risk Factor Marital stress
Selfcare

Risk Factor Sedentary Lifestyle
Selfcare

Risk Factor Poor sleep
Musculoskeletal system

Risk Factor Processed Meat
Nutrition

Risk Factor Long Duration of Sleep
Musculoskeletal system

Risk Factor Cadmium
Contaminant

Minor Risk Factor Stress
Brain system

Minor Risk Factor Cow milk (A1 β-casein)
Beverage

Minor Risk Factor Job Stress
Brain system

Minor Risk Factor Arsenic
Contaminant

Minor Risk Factor Depression
Brain system

Minor Risk Factor Early Menarche
Reproductive system

Minor Risk Factor Alcohol
Beverage

Minor Risk Factor Saturated Fat
Nutrition

Minor Risk Factor Processed Foods
Nutrition

Minor Risk Factor Refined grains
Nutrition

Minor Risk Factor Visceral fat
Digestive system

Minor Risk Factor Heart Rate
Cardiovascular system

Risk Factor Anxiety
Brain system

Minor Risk Factor Mortality
Musculoskeletal system

Minor Risk Factor Mental Disorder
Brain system

Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular

Atrial Fibrillation
Cardiovascular

Congestive Heart Failure
Cardiovascular

Heart Attack (Myocardial ...
Cardiovascular

LDL
Lymphatic

Premature ventricular con...
Cardiovascular

Stroke
Brain

Thrombosis
Cardiovascular